Reviews evidence related to the potential for HIV transmission through human bites. Concludes that while biologically possible, transmission remains unlikely, risk is epidemiologically insignificant and as yet, has not been well documented.
Male circumcision for the prevention of heterosexually acquired HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized trials involving 11 050 men
Systemic review of medical literature found male circumcision is an effective strategy for reducing new male HIV infections, however, its impact at population level requires consistently safe sexual practices to maintain the protective benefit.
Effectiveness of condoms in preventing HIV transmission
Recent meta-analyses of condom effectiveness suggest that condoms are 60 to 70% effective when used for HIV prophylaxis. A re-examination of HIV seroconversion studies suggests that condoms are 90 to 95% effective when used consistently, i.e. consistent condom users are 10 to 20 times less likely to become infected when exposed to the virus than are inconsistent or non-users. Similar results are obtained utilizing model-based estimation techniques, which indicate that condoms decrease the per-contact probability of male-to-female transmission of HIV by about 95%.
Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission
Review of 14 rigorous studies to re-estimate condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV. Finds consistent condoms use results in an 80% reduction in HIV incidence, i.e 80% less than the particular act without condoms. Consistent use is defined as using a condom for all acts of penetrative vaginal intercourse.
How reliable is an undetectable viral load
Considers the reliability of viral load as a condition preventing HIV transmission. Found reliability is high with compliance taking medication the most important factor predicting reliability.
Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load and antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis
Review and meta-analysis of 11 articles found no HIV transmission among heterosexual discordant couples when the positive patient was treated with ART and had a viral load below 400 copies (with data compatible with one transmission per 79 years).
Prevention of HIV-1 Infection with Early Antiretroviral Therapy
Reports findings of OPTN 052 study based in nine countries, which found early initiation of antiretroviral therapy reduced rates of sexual transmission of HIV-1 and clinical events, indicating both personal and public health benefits from such therapy.
Heterosexual HIV-1 infectiousness and antiretroviral use: systematic review of prospective studies of discordant couples
Systemic review and meta-analysis of 50 studies considered HIV transmission risk between heterosexual partners. Found ART substantially reduces HIV infection risk within serodiscordant couples.
Systematic Review of HIV Transmission between Heterosexual Serodiscordant Couples where the HIV-Positive Partner Is Fully Suppressed on Antiretroviral Therapy
Meta-analysis suggests minimal risk of sexual HIV transmission for heterosexual serodiscordant couples when the HIV-positive partner has full viral suppression on cART with caveats regarding information on sexual intercourse type, STIs, and condom use.
The effect of sexually transmitted co-infections on HIV viral load amongst individuals on antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Analyses 14 studies to find evidence about the effects of STI co-infection on transmission from individuals on ART is very limited. Available data suggests the average effect of STI co-infection on HIV viral load in individuals on ART is unlikely to decrease the effectiveness of treatment as prevention. However, limited data precluded ruling out the possibility that particular STIs pose a larger threat.